Integrated blood oxygenator and pump system having means for reducing microbubble generation

ABSTRACT

Improvements to integrated blood pump/oxygenator having a rotating hollow fiber bundle assembly that both oxygenates and pumps blood are provided. A plurality of vanes arranged along a central shaft of the device increase pressure near the center of the fiber bundle to prevent microbubble generation and blood trauma. Shearing loads imposed on the fiber elements of the fiber bundle are reduced by the addition of a reinforcement structure, while the gas flow path is configured to minimize flooding and loss of oxygenation efficiency due to occasional rupture of fiber elements. Blood trauma may be further reduced by contouring the vanes and other components of the device.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to extracorporeal systems for oxygenating and pumping blood during cardiac surgery. More specifically, the present invention relates to an integrated oxygenator and pump system wherein the gas diffusion fibers form a pumping element.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Each year hundreds of thousands of people are afflicted with vascular diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, that result in cardiac ischemia. For more than thirty years, such disease, especially of the coronary arteries, has been treated using open surgical procedures, such as coronary artery bypass grafting. During such bypass grafting procedures, a sternotomy is performed to gain access to the pericardial sac, the patient is put on cardiopulmonary bypass, and the heart is stopped using a cardioplegia solution.

Recently, the development of minimally invasive techniques for cardiac bypass grafting, for example, by Heartport, Inc., Redwood City, Calif., and CardioThoracic Systems, Inc., Menlo Park, Calif., have placed a premium on reducing the size of equipment employed in the sterile field. Whereas open surgical techniques typically provide a relatively large surgical site that the surgeon views directly, minimally invasive techniques require the placement of endoscopes, video monitors, and various positioning systems for the instruments. These devices crowd the sterile field and can limit the surgeon's ability to maneuver.

At the same time, however, the need to reduce priming volume of the oxygenator and pump, and the desire to reduce blood contact with non-native surfaces has increased interest in locating the oxygenator and pump as near as possible to the patient.

In recognition of the foregoing issues, some previously known cardiopulmonary systems have attempted to miniaturize and integrate certain components of cardiopulmonary systems. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,266,265 and 5,270,005, both to Raible, describe an extracorporeal blood oxygenation system having an integrated blood reservoir, an oxygenator formed from a static array of hollow fibers, a heat exchanger, a pump and a pump motor that is controlled by cable connected to a control console.

The systems described in the foregoing patents employ relatively short flow paths that may lead to inadequate gas exchange, due to the development of laminar flow zones adjacent to the hollow fibers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,706 to Hubbard et al. describes one solution providing a longer flow path by recirculating blood through the fiber bundle at a higher flow rate than the rate at which blood is delivered to the patient. U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,440 to Kitrilakis and U.S. Pat. No. 3,841,837 to Kitrilakis et al. describe oxygenators wherein the gas transfer surfaces form an active element that stirs the blood to prevent the buildup of boundary layers around the gas transfer surfaces.

Makarewicz et al., “A Pumping Intravascular Artificial Lung with Active Mixing,” ASAIO Journal, 39(3):M466-M469 (1993), describes an intravascular device having a gas exchange surface made of microporous fibers formed into an elongated helical vane. The elongated helical vane permits not only gas exchange, but also may be rotated to pump blood through the device.

Makarewicz et al., “A Pumping Artificial Lung,” ASAIO Journal, 40(3):M518-M521 (1994) describes an adaptation of the foregoing device in which the microporous fiber bundles were formed into multi-lobed clover-leaf vanes potted along a central axis. The vanes were substituted for the vanes of a BIOMEDICUS® blood pump (a registered trademark of Bio-Medicus, Eden Prairie, Minn.). The authors concluded that while the concept of achieving simultaneous pumping and oxygenation appeared feasible, additional design and testing would be required, and problems, such as hemolysis and platelet activation, must be addressed.

Makarewicz et al., “New Design for a Pumping Artificial Lung,” ASAIO Journal, 42(5):M615-M619 (1996), describes an integrated pump/oxygenator in which a hollow fiber bundle replaces the multi-lobed vanes of the above-described design. The hollow fiber bundle is potted to an inlet gas manifold at the bottom, and an outlet gas manifold at the top. The fiber bundle is rotated at high speed to provide pumping action, while oxygen flowing through the fiber bundle oxygenates the blood.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,370 to Maloney et al. describes a device having a fiber bundle mounted for rotation between a fixed central diffuser element and an outer wall of a housing. The fiber bundle is rotated at speeds sufficiently high to cause shear forces that induce turbulent flow within the blood. The patent does not address or even recognize the problem of blood trauma, i.e., hemolysis and platelet activation, that are expected to result from turbulent, high shear flow.

Although the devices described in the foregoing references offer some desirable features, those devices have numerous drawbacks that make them commercially impractical. These problems include: (a) introduction of small bubbles (“microbubbles”) into the blood from the fiber due to higher gas side pressure relative to blood side pressure; (b) cavitation-induced blood trauma and damage to the device; (c) high shear loading leading to (i) buckling of the fibers or (ii) blood trauma; and (d) flooding of the inlet gas manifold, after fiber rupture, resulting in rapid reduction in oxygenation efficiency.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide an extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator that provides compact size, low priming volume, low surface area, and the ability to adequately oxygenate blood using a rotating fiber bundle that reduces boundary layer transfer resistance.

It would be desirable to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator a hollow fiber bundle that oxygenates the blood and provides pumping action when rotated, but does not suffer from the leakage of gas into the blood, which leads to undesirable bubble formation.

It also would be desirable to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle that oxygenates the blood and provides pumping action when rotated, but which overcomes microbubble generation problems observed in previously known integrated pump/oxygenator systems.

It further would be desirable to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle design that does not generate high shear stresses, and thus is less susceptible to shear stress-induced fiber breakage and consequent leakage.

It would be further desirable to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle design that minimizes or eliminates high shear-induced blood trauma, including hemolysis and platelet activation.

It still further would be desirable to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a rotating hollow fiber bundle that is less susceptible to flooding of the gas manifolds than previously known designs.

It further would be desirable to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a low priming volume, thus making the system suitable for emergency back-up operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a compact size, low priming volume and the ability to adequately oxygenate blood using a rotating fiber bundle that reduces boundary layer resistance to gas transfer and the formation of stagnation zones within the fiber bundle.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a low priming volume and low internal surface area, thereby reducing blood contact with non-native surfaces, potential damage to blood components, and the risk of infection.

It is yet another object of this invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle that oxygenates the blood and provides a pumping action when rotated, but does not suffer from the leakage of gas into the blood to form bubbles.

It is a further object of this invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle that oxygenates the blood and provides a pumping action when rotated, but which overcomes microbubble generation problems observed in previously known integrated pump/oxygenator systems.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle that is less susceptible to breaking or buckling of the fibers due to high shear forces on individual elements of the fiber bundle and consequent leakage.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle design that minimizes or eliminates high shear-induced blood trauma.

It is yet another object of this invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a rotating hollow fiber bundle that is less susceptible to flooding of the gas manifolds than previously known designs.

It is another object of the invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a low priming volume, thereby making the system suitable for emergency back-up operation.

These and other objects of the invention are accomplished by providing an integrated blood pump/oxygenator, suitable for use within a sterile field, that has a low priming volume. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the pump/oxygenator includes a rotating hollow fiber bundle assembly that both oxygenates the blood and develops additional pressure head, if desired, to pump the blood. The device further includes one or more of the following improvements: means for reducing microbubble generation and blood trauma; means for reducing outward bowing of the fiber bundle; and means for reducing flooding of gas manifolds.

In a preferred embodiment, the integrated blood pump/oxygenator includes a plurality of vanes arranged along a central shaft that increase pressure on the blood side relative to the gas side near the center of the fiber bundle, and, hence, prevent the formation of gas microbubbles in the blood. The vanes also gradually accelerate blood prior to entering the fiber bundle, thereby reducing blood trauma. Shearing loads imposed on the fiber elements of the fiber bundle during high speed rotation are addressed by the addition of a reinforcement structure that extends around or within the fiber bundle. These reinforcement structures also assist in reducing shear stress imparted to the blood, hence reduce blood trauma. In addition, the gas manifolds of the pump/oxygenator are configured to reduce flooding and loss of efficiency due to occasional rupture of fiber elements.

Alternative embodiments of the integrated blood pump/oxygenator of the present invention may include additional vanes for accelerating blood entering and/or exiting the fiber bundle. These vanes may be coupled to the same shaft that drives the rotating fiber bundle, or may optionally be driven at a different angular velocity using a separate drive train.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a previously known integrated blood oxygenator and pump system;

FIG. 2 is a side-sectional view of the pump/oxygenator of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an integrated blood oxygenator/pump constructed in accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are, respectively, side-sectional and cut-away views of the pump/oxygenator of FIG. 3;

FIGS. 5A-5D are perspective views of the internal components of the pump/oxygenator of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a shaft suitable for use in the pump/oxygenator of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of a further alternative embodiment of a shaft and impeller arrangement suitable for use with the present invention; and

FIG. 8 is a partial view of a further alternative embodiment of an internal assembly suitable for use in a pump/oxygenator of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an integrated blood pump/oxygenator that overcomes the drawbacks of previously known devices. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the integrated system may be placed in or near the sterile field and has a low priming volume, e.g., 200 cc or less. A pump/oxygenator constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is expected to: (a) have little or no gas leakage into the blood and consequent bubble formation; (b) experience little or no cavitation, even at high speeds; (c) be less prone to rupture of fiber elements; (d) induce little or no blood trauma; and (c) provide adequate oxygenation capability even when occasional rupture of fiber elements occurs.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, previously known integrated blood oxygenator/pump 10 of the above-mentioned Makarewicz et al. article entitled, “New Design for a Pumping Artificial Lung,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, is described. Pump/oxygenator 10 comprises sealed housing 11 having blood inlet 12, blood outlet 13, gas inlet 14 and gas outlet 15. Hollow fiber bundle 16 is potted to inlet gas manifold 17 at the bottom and outlet gas manifold 18 at the top. The hollow fiber bundle is substituted for the vanes of a BIOMEDICUS® blood pump (a registered trademark of Bio-Medicus, Eden Prairie, Minn.). As will be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art of cardiopulmonary bypass, the Bio-Medicus pump includes a plurality of magnets 19 disposed in tray 20 which become magnetically coupled to a plurality of magnets affixed to a drive shaft (not shown).

Blood entering pump/oxygenator 10 through inlet 12 passes into central void 21. When fiber bundle 16 is rotated, blood is drawn by centrifugal force into fiber bundle 16, accelerates as it passes through the fiber bundle, and exits the pump/oxygenator through blood outlet 13. Oxygen flows through gas inlet 14 to manifold 17, from which it is distributed to the individual fibers of the fiber bundle. As the blood passes through fiber bundle 16, carbon-dioxide diffuses into the fibers through the microporous walls of the hollow fibers, while oxygen diffuses from the fiber bundle into the blood. The remaining oxygen and carbon-dioxide pass into outlet gas manifold 18, and from there may be vented to the atmosphere through gas outlet 15.

While the pump/oxygenator of FIGS. 1 and 2 provides some highly desirable features, including a low priming volume and small surface area, applicants have determined that the device has a number of serious drawbacks. Applicants also have discovered, however, various improvements that overcome those drawbacks, and expect that the improvements described hereinafter will enable pump/oxygenators similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2 to become commercially feasible products.

A first drawback of the device of FIGS. 1 and 2 is the tendency of rotation of the fiber bundle to generate microbubbles, i.e., induce low pressure regions that draw gas bubbles through the microporous membrane from the gas-side to the blood-side. Specifically, rotation of fiber bundle 16 causes a low pressure region to form in central core 21, which in turn pulls gas bubbles through the membrane of the fiber elements nearest the center. In addition, formation of localized low pressure regions may induce classical cavitation, i.e., generation of a vapor phase in the form of microbubbles. The bubbles not only pose an inherent risk, if not filtered out prior to perfusion of the patient, but also may cause the blood to froth, thereby decreasing oxygenation efficiency.

A second drawback of the device of FIGS. 1 and 2 is that during rotation of the fiber bundle, the individual fiber elements tend to bow radially outward. Depending upon the rotational speed of the fiber bundle, the forces developed in the fiber bundle may become so high that the fibers frequently either tear free from the potting or rupture. This in turn causes leakage of blood into the inlet gas manifold.

Leakage from loose or ruptured fibers may cause a third and significant problem in the above-described previously known device. Specifically, large amounts of blood leaking into inlet gas manifold 17 or outlet gas manifold 18 through the ruptured or loose fibers may cause these gas manifolds to flood, thereby cutting off the oxygen supply to the fiber bundle and rendering the device inoperative.

Moreover, even if blood leaks into the gas manifolds through relatively few of the fibers, rotation of the fiber bundle causes the blood to be urged radially outward and pool along the outer circumference of the fiber bundle 16. This pooled blood in turn cuts off the fiber elements from gas flow. Because the area adversely affected by the pooled blood is directly proportional to the radius, flooding at the outer edge of the fiber bundle leads to a rapid decrease in oxygenation efficiency.

Yet another serious draw back of the device of FIGS. 1 and 2 is that the high shear imparted to the blood results in undesirable blood trauma, including hemolysis and platelet activation. This high shear stress and resulting blood trauma are encountered primarily where the blood enters and exits the fiber bundle. Upon entering the fiber bundle, the blood collides with the rapidly rotating fibers of the fiber bundle, and is therefore rapidly accelerated by these collisions. Also, as the blood exits the fiber bundle, it is exposed to high shear levels at the boundary between the fiber bundle and the inner wall of the housing. This especially may be so in the presence of outward bowing of the fiber bundle, where the bowing results in reduced clearance between the exterior of the fiber bundle and the inner wall of the housing.

Referring now to FIG. 3, apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention is described. Pump/oxygenator 30 of the present invention includes several improvements over the device described in the above-incorporated Makarewicz et al. paper, useful individually or in combination, that overcome the problems described hereinabove. Pump/oxygenator 30 is magnetically coupled to drive shaft 31 of motor 32, which is in turn controlled by controller 33. Deoxygenated venous blood is supplied to pump/oxygenator 30 via suitable biocompatible tubing (not shown) coupled to venous blood inlet 34; oxygenated blood is returned to the patient from pump/oxygenator 30 via biocompatible tubing (not shown) coupled to blood outlet 35.

Pressurized oxygen is introduced into pump/oxygenator 30 via gas inlet port 36, while a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide exits pump/oxygenator 30 via gas outlet port 37. Motor 32, magnetically coupled drive shaft 31 and controller 33 are items per se known in the art, and may comprise any of a number of systems available from Bio-Medicus, Inc., Eden Prairie, Minn. Alternatively, drive shaft 31, motor 32 and controller 33 may be miniaturized to permit their placement closer to the patient.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4B and 5A-5D, the internal arrangement of integrated pump/oxygenator 30 of the present invention is described. Pump/oxygenator 30 comprises housing 40 enclosing fiber bundle assembly 41 that rotates within housing 40 on shaft 42. Shaft 42 is affixed to shaft impeller 65, which is attached to tray 44. Tray 44 holds magnets 45 that are used to magnetically couple fiber bundle assembly 41 to drive shaft 31 (see FIG. 3).

Fiber bundle 46 preferably comprises a multiplicity of microporous hollow fiber elements having an upper end potted in region 47, so that the interior lumens of the fibers communicate with void 48 in inlet gas manifold 49. Likewise, the lower ends of the hollow fiber elements of fiber bundle 46 are potted in region 50, so that the interior lumens of the fibers communicate with void 51 in outlet gas manifold 52. Any of a number of suitable biocompatible potting materials may be used, such as polyurethanes or epoxies.

Shaft 42 includes inner tube 53 and outer tube 54 arranged coaxially to form annulus 55. Annulus 55 communicates with gas inlet port 36 (shown in FIG. 3) via through-wall holes 57, and with void 48 of inlet gas manifold 49 via through-wall holes 59 and passageways 60 in plurality of pumping vanes 61. Lumen 62 of inner tube 53 communicates with gas outlet port 63 at its upper end and void 51 in outlet gas manifold 52 at its lower end via passageways 64 in shaft impeller 65. Shaft seal 66 a separates space 67, which couples gas outlet port 63 to lumen 62, from space 68, which couples gas inlet port 36 (shown in FIG. 3) to annulus 55. Shaft seal 66 b separates space 68 from the interior of housing 40, which encloses fiber bundle assembly 41. Shaft seals 66 a and 66 b are retained with seal caps 66 c and 66 d, respectively (see FIG. 5A).

Shaft 42 is carried in bearing 69, while shaft impeller 65 is carried on bearings 71 and 72. Thrust washer 73 is interposed between bearings 71 and 72, and the entire assembly is in turn carried on bearing shaft 74. Bearing shaft 74 is affixed to lower plate 75 of housing 40 by shoulder screw 76, and is seated on O-ring seal 77. Shoulder screw 76 also is sealed with O-ring 78. Shaft impeller 65 seals the lower end of annulus 55, while the upper end of the annulus is sealed by plug 79.

Shaft impeller 65 (shown in FIG. 5B) has an upper hub 80 and a lower hub 80 a, the shaft impeller 65 tapered from the upper hub 80 to the lower hub 80 a. Upper hub 80 is connected to upper potting 47 and lower hub 80 a is connected to lower potting 50. Pumping vanes 61 are incorporated within hub 80. Pumping vanes 61 helically continue as vanes 90. FIG. 5C shows an alternate embodiment of shaft impeller 65, where pumping vanes 61 extend above hub 80. Openings 85 between the plurality of vanes 61 permit blood entering pump/oxygenator 30 via venous blood inlet 86 to flow into fiber bundle 46. Vanes 61 are configured to serve as vanes that pump and accelerate blood passing through the fiber bundle 46. As will of course be appreciated, the pump housing and seal locations must be appropriately modified to accommodate extended vanes 61 of FIG. 5C.

In accordance with the principles of the present invention, pump/oxygenator 30 includes a number of features that overcome drawbacks observed in the device of FIGS. 1 and 2. These improvements may be used individually, or in combination, depending upon the intended application of the pump/oxygenator.

To reduce microbubble generation and shear-induced blood trauma of the previously known devices shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a plurality of vanes 61 and 90 have been disposed on impeller shaft 65 to increase the blood side pressure between hubs 80 and 80 a. Vanes 90, either alone or in combination with vanes 61, are expected to reduce the bubbling observed in previously known devices at higher speeds by increasing the pressure of blood entering fiber bundle 41. Vanes 90 also are expected to reduce blood trauma by imparting a gradual acceleration to blood entering the hollow fiber bundle, and thus reduce high shear forces encountered in previously known designs when the blood impinges upon the rotating bundle. In addition, or alternatively, the pressure at which the blood is supplied to pump/oxygenator 30 may be increased, for example, using an auxiliary pump, as described hereinafter.

To reduce the flooding problems encountered in the previously known device of FIGS. 1 and 2, the positions of the inlet and outlet gas manifolds are reversed (relative to the design of FIGS. 1 and 2), so that void 51 formed by outlet gas manifold 52 is coupled to lumen 62 of inner tube 53. In addition, baffle plate 91 is disposed in void 51, and includes grooves 92 on its underside that communicate with passageways 64. Baffle plate 91 thus causes gas exiting fiber bundle 46 to pass around the outermost edge of the baffle plate. Accordingly, blood leaking into void 51 of the outlet gas manifold is cleared from the manifold and entrained in the exhaust gas stream passing through gas outlet port 63.

To reduce stress-induced failure of fibers, and to reduce the fibers pulling free of the potting material, as encountered in previously known devices, a support structure is disposed around the fiber bundle assembly 41. Referring to FIG. 5A, fiber bundle assembly 41 and shaft 42 are shown without housing 40. Girdle 95, which may comprise a collar or sleeve made of a suitable biocompatible material, such as a metal or plastic, is disposed around the circumference of fiber bundle 46. Girdle 95 preferably is potted with the fiber bundle in the inlet and outlet gas manifolds.

In accordance with the principles of the present invention, girdle 95 reduces radially outward bowing of the fiber elements of fiber bundle 46 when pump/oxygenator 30 is operated at high speed. Girdle 95 therefore reduces the strain imposed on the fiber elements, and reduces the risk that fiber elements will pull free from the potting material or otherwise rupture. Because girdle 95 is expected to reduce the number of fiber elements that rupture, it is expected to significantly reduce the risk of flooding. In combination with baffle plate 91 and the reversed gas flow path described above, it is expected that pump/oxygenator 30 will maintain high gas exchange efficiency even in the presence of a nominal number of ruptured fibers.

Referring to FIG. 5D, fiber bundle 46 preferably comprises hollow fiber mat 96 comprising a multiplicity of fibers 97 interconnected by threads 98. In one preferred embodiment, fiber bundle 46 is formed by wrapping hollow fiber mat 96 about hubs 80 and 80 a, and then sealing the free end of the mat against the next-inner layer using a suitable biocompatible adhesive. Girdle 95 may then be disposed about the circumference of the fiber bundle, as described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 5A. Alternatively, or in addition to girdle 96, the fiber bundle may be reinforced by gluing or heat-sealing overlapping regions of the fiber mat together. By aligning such glued regions radially, it is expected that the structural integrity of the fiber bundle will be increased sufficiently to reduce outward bowing, but without adversely impacting outward movement of blood through the fiber bundle.

In addition, the foregoing support structures assist in reducing blood trauma by maintaining a proper spacing between the exterior surface of the fiber bundle and the inner wall of the housing. Specifically, these structures apply a radially inwardly directed force that and are expected to avoid high shear stresses that may be imposed on the blood where a bowed out section of the fiber bundle rotates too closely to the inner wall of the housing.

Referring now to FIG. 6, shaft 100 suitable for use in an alternative embodiment of the present invention is described. Shaft 100 is similar in construction to shaft 42 of FIG. 5C, except that shaft 100 includes a plurality of vanes 101 disposed above pumping and accelerating vane 102. Vanes 101 are designed to increase the pressure of blood flowing along shaft 100 thereby further reducing the potential for cavitation, bubbling and blood trauma during high speed operation. As will of course be appreciated, the pump housing must be modified to accommodate vanes 101, and the number, shape and orientation of vanes 101 may be empirically selected to provide an adequate flow rate and pressure head and to further reduce blood trauma.

In FIG. 7, a further alternative embodiment of a pre-accelerating vane is illustrated. In this embodiment, shaft 110 and accelerating vanes 111 serve the functions described hereinabove with respect to shaft 42 and accelerating vanes 61 of the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5. Shaft 112 comprises a hollow tube that is arranged coaxially with shaft 110, and includes a plurality of vanes 113. Shaft 112 may be driven at the same or a different angular velocity than shaft 110, for example, by suitable gearing or a separate motor via a belt arrangement, so that the amount of pre-acceleration provided by vanes 113 may be varied as a function of the rotational speed of the fiber bundle.

The number, orientation and shape of vanes 113 may be determined empirically, while other modifications to pump/oxygenator 30 needed to implement this variation will be apparent, to one of ordinary skill in the art of pump design, from inspection.

Alternatively, or in addition, vanes 113 and housing 40 may be configured so that vanes 113 and shaft 112 function as a separate pump, the outlet of which may be directed into the fiber bundle via accelerating vane 111, or directed back to perfuse the patient, via suitable valving. In this manner, the pump/oxygenator of the present invention may be used to partially unload a heart, for example, during beating heart surgery, followed by placing the patient on full cardiopulmonary bypass for a phase of the surgery where the heart is stopped.

Referring now to FIG. 8, internal assembly 120 of another alternative embodiment of the pump/oxygenator of the present invention is described. Assembly 120 includes fiber bundle 121 having inlet and outlet gas manifolds 122 and 123, and is mounted on shaft 124 with bearing 125 and shaft seals 126 a and 126 b, as described hereinabove with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5. Assembly 120, however, includes vanes 127 mounted in fixed relation to, and that rotate with, the fiber bundle. Vanes 127 are provided to increase the pressure head developed by the pump/oxygenator. Specifically, blood exiting fiber bundle 121 impinges upon vanes 127 and is further accelerated as it exits the pump/oxygenator. As will of course be apparent, housing 40 must be modified to accommodate vanes 127, while the number, orientation and shape of vanes 127 may be selected to provide a desired degree of additional pressure head and to minimize blood trauma.

The integrated blood pump/oxygenator of the present invention illustratively has been described as employing a magnetic coupling, as shown in FIG. 3. The present invention, however, may be readily adapted for use with other drive systems. For example, the magnet tray may be replaced with a direct motor drive, or may be coupled by a cable to a drive system and control console located outside the sterile field. Such a direct drive system could be miniaturized to be accommodated within the sterile field. Furthermore, the controls could be operated remotely using infrared or other such remote controlling means. The integrated blood pump/oxygenator of the present invention could also be incorporated into a standard cardiopulmonary bypass system that has other standard components such as a heat exchanger, venous reservoir, arterial filter, surgical field suction, cardiac vent, etc.

While preferred illustrative embodiments of the invention are described above, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention and it is intended in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for processing blood comprising: a housing having a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a blood inlet and a blood outlet; a shaft disposed for rotation within the housing; an inlet gas manifold in communication with the gas inlet; an outlet gas manifold in communication with the gas outlet, the outlet gas manifold spaced apart from the inlet gas manifold; a fiber bundle having a first end, a second end, and a central void in fluid communication with the blood inlet, the first end communicating with the inlet gas manifold and the second end communicating with the outlet gas manifold, the fiber bundle being coupled to the shaft for rotation of the fiber bundle; and an inner member disposed within the central void, the inner member being rotatable relative to the housing.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a pumping element having at least one vane that receives blood prior to entry into the central void and accelerates the blood and delivers the blood to the central void.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the pumping element has a first plurality of vanes coupled to the housing for rotation relative to the housing.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the first plurality of vanes rotates at a different angular velocity than the shaft.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for reducing outward bowing of the fiber bundle.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the fiber bundle has an exterior surface, the means for reducing outward bowing comprising a girdle disposed about the exterior surface.
 7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the fiber bundle comprises multiple layers of a hollow fiber mat, the means for reducing outward bowing comprising an adhesive material interposed the multiple layers.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the inner member has at least one vane attached thereto.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the inner member is tapered toward one of the first and second ends.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a baffle plate disposed within the outlet gas manifold, the baffle plate configured to urge blood away from an outer edge of the bundle.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one vane coupled to the fiber bundle for rotation with the fiber bundle, the at least one vane being positioned radially outward with respect to the fiber bundle.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inner member is coupled to the shaft for rotation with the fiber bundle.
 13. A method for processing blood comprising: providing a device including a housing having a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a blood inlet, a blood outlet, a shaft disposed for rotation within the housing, and a gas transfer element having a first end, a second end, a central void, and an inner member disposed within the central void, the first end coupled to the gas inlet and the second end coupled to the gas outlet; flowing blood into the housing so that the blood enters the central void; delivering a gas comprising oxygen to the gas transfer element so that at least oxygen is transferred to the blood passing through the device; rotating the inner member to cause blood to flow outward from the central void into the gas transfer element; and rotating the gas transfer element to oxygenate blood flowing through the housing.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein providing a device further comprises providing a device further comprising a first plurality of vanes positioned to accelerate blood prior to entry into the central void.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein rotating the inner member comprises rotating the inner member at an angular velocity different than an angular velocity of the gas transfer element.
 16. The method of claim 13 wherein providing a device comprises providing a device wherein the gas transfer element having a plurality of fibers and means for reducing outward bowing of the fibers.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein a device comprises providing a device wherein the plurality of fibers form a bundle having an exterior surface and the means for reducing outward bowing includes a girdle disposed about the exterior surface.
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein a device comprises providing a device wherein the plurality of fibers forming a hollow fiber mat having layers, an adhesive material being interposed between the layers.
 19. The method of claim 13 wherein providing a device further comprises providing a device wherein the inner member has at least one vane attached thereto.
 20. The method of claim 13 wherein rotating the inner member comprises rotating the inner member at an angular velocity identical to an angular velocity of the gas transfer element.
 21. The method of claim 13 wherein providing a device comprises providing a device wherein the inner member has first and second ends and is tapered from the first end to the second end.
 22. The method of claim 13 wherein providing a device comprises providing a device having a gas manifold and a baffle plate disposed with the gas manifold, the method further comprising urging blood away from an outer edge of the gas transfer element with the baffle plate.
 23. The method of claim 13, wherein providing a device comprises providing a device having at least one vane coupled to the fiber bundle for rotation with the fiber bundle, the at least one vane being positioned radially outward with respect to the fiber bundle.
 24. A device for processing blood, comprising: a housing having a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a blood inlet and a blood outlet; a shaft mounted to the housing and disposed for rotation about an axis; a gas transfer element having a first end, a second end, and a central void, the first end communicating with the gas inlet and the second end communicating with the gas outlet, the gas transfer element rotatably coupled to the shaft; and a plurality of vanes coupled to the housing and configured for rotation at a rate different than a rotational rate of the shaft, the plurality of vanes being positioned to pump blood introduced through the blood inlet into the central void of the gas transfer element.
 25. The device of claim 24, further comprising an inner member disposed within the central void and being rotatable.
 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the inner member is coupled to the shaft and is rotated at an angular velocity identical to an angular velocity of the gas transfer element.
 27. The device of claim 24, further comprising an inner member disposed within the central void, the inner member being tapered from the first end to the second end of the gas transfer element.
 28. The device of claim 24, wherein the gas transfer element has a plurality of fibers and means for reducing outward bowing of the fibers.
 29. The device of claim 24, further comprising a baffle plate disposed within one of the inlet gas manifold and outlet gas manifold.
 30. A device for processing blood, comprising: a housing having a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a blood inlet and a blood outlet; a gas transfer element having a first end, a second end, and a central void, the first end communicating with the gas inlet, the second end communicating with the gas outlet, and the central void in fluid communication with the blood inlet; a shaft having a portion defining a gas passage, the shaft disposed for rotation within the housing and extending through and being surrounded by the central void, wherein the gas transfer element is rotatably coupled to the shaft and the gas passage couples the gas transfer element to at least one of the gas inlet and gas outlet.
 31. The device of claim 30, further comprising an inner member disposed within the central void and being rotatable relative to the housing.
 32. The device of claim 31, wherein the inner member is tapered from the first end to the second end of the gas transfer element.
 33. The device of claim 30, wherein the inner member has at least one vane attached thereto.
 34. The device of claim 30, wherein the gas transfer element has a plurality of fibers and means for reducing outward bowing of the fibers. 